The economy seems to be humming along despite the
topsy-turvy stock market, but the Federal Reserve released a report yesterday that
sounds cautionary alarms on a number of financial indicators. The report warns
that adverse shocks could lead to a decline in asset prices that could be “particularly
large.”
The 46-page Financial
Stability Report focuses on four particular vulnerabilities to the economy
as well as geopolitical risks. The Fed says that asset values are elevated
compared with historical norms in several markets and business debt is above
historical levels. On the other hand, debt in the financial sector is low and
banks have sufficient liquidity to prevent runs.
With respect to asset values, the report points out that
both financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds,
and real estate are at elevated levels. Even after November’s market declines, “equity
price-to-earnings ratios have been trending up since 2012 and are generally above
their median values over the past 30 years,” the report notes. Both commercial
and residential price-to-rent ratios have been increasing since the end of the
recession. Farmland prices have decreased slightly but remain high compared to
historical values.
“House prices have risen substantially since 2012,” the Fed
says, “although the rate of price appreciation appears to have slowed
significantly in recent months.” The tax reform law’s limit on property tax deductions
may play a role in the slowdown in rising home values.
More alarming is that business debt levels are high and the
Fed notes “signs of deteriorating credit standards.” Of particular note, the
report points out that “debt has been growing fastest at firms with weaker
earnings and higher leverage.” In other words, companies who are doing the most
borrowing are those with the least ability to repay their debt.
The Fed cites three current geopolitical risks to the
economy. First, European instability and the effects of Brexit could affect US
exporters and financial institutions that participate in European markets.
Second, the Fed points out increasing debt in China and other emerging markets
“that could be difficult to service in the event of an economic downturn.” In
China, where the economy is slowing, “private credit has almost doubled since
2008, to more than 200 percent of GDP.”
The Fed also waves a caution flag at trade tensions and
uncertainty that stems from the trade war. It is this trade uncertainty that
could cause some investors to become more risk-averse. “The resulting drop in
asset prices might be particularly large, given that valuations appear elevated
relative to historical levels,” the Fed warns. A collapse in asset prices could
lead to difficulties in finding business funding since commercial debt levels are
already high.
A final note of caution regards rising interest rates. Interest
rates have been kept low since the 2008 financial crisis, but the Fed has
recently started bring rates back to
normal levels. “Markets and institutions that may have become accustomed to the
very low interest rate environment of the
post-crisis period will also need to continue to
adjust to monetary policy normalization by the Federal Reserve and other
central banks,” the Fed warns. “Even if central bank policies are fully
anticipated by the public, some adjustments could occur abruptly, contributing
to volatility in domestic and international financial markets and strains in
institutions.”
The impact of interest rate policy can be seen in yesterday’s
stock market rally after Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome
Powell said that rates were near the neutral point, “neither speeding up
nor slowing down growth,” and that “we may go past neutral, but we’re a long
way from neutral at this point, probably.” Powell’s hint that rate increases
were nearing an end sparked a 600-point surge in the Dow.
While the Fed report does not warn of unavoidable financial
problems, it does list valid concerns about continued economic growth. Over the
past few months, several financial outlets have noted that early indicators point
toward a possible looming economic slowdown. In August, Forbes
noted that commodity prices and asset values usually peak before a recession
and interest rates “act oddly.” Earlier this week, the Wall
Street Journal said that “economic indicators are flashing yellow” with a
slowing housing sector, a collapse of domestic energy prices after a strong
first half of 2018, and a “global economy [that] has lost momentum.” Morgan
Stanley analysts say that a correction is due and put the chance of recession
in 2019 at 15 percent, rising to 30 percent in 2020 as the business cycle
enters the “stall/overheating phase.”
On the other hand, Stephen
Moore, a former economic advisor for the Trump campaign, argues that fears
of slowing growth “should be greeted with a collective yawn.” Moore
acknowledges the risk of the trade war but says, “if/when Trump prevails and
gets the concessions from China, the market upside is gigantic.”
The bottom line is that the business cycle will eventually
come to close and growth will stop as the economy enters a correction. This
will happen no matter which party is in office
or who occupies the White House. What goes up, must come down.
Originally published
on the
Resurgent